The Silent Criminal

Early in my blogging days, I wrote a blog describing the perfect drug as a murder weapon, and last year I wrote a blog about how to not get caught committing the perfect crime.

In that blog about not getting caught, I mentioned that a full one-third of all murders remain unsolved—a staggering 200,000 cases in the last 50 years. Prior to that time, the clearance rate (defined as identifying a suspect and eventually going to trial or securing a plea deal) was over 90%.

There are several reasons why so many murders remain unsolved today. They include 1) harder standards for charging someone for murder than in the past, 2) deteriorating relationships between police and the public, and a sense of distrust of the police and “the system” that creates a reluctance for potential witnesses to testify, and 3) stranger-to-stranger homicides with few or no suspect leads.

Recently, I was discussing “the perfect murder” subject with a past law enforcement officer and a defense attorney. As you can imagine, the discussion with those two individuals was lively and all sorts of reasons why criminals get caught came out of that conversation.

In essence, however, it boiled down to those who commit serious crimes like murder get caught simply because they are sloppy. They leave DNA evidence, they murder someone known to them and trace evidence somehow gets linked back to them, they have poor or insufficient alibis, and they tend to keep and hide the murder weapon or use a weapon that easily connects back to them.

One particular fact that both the law enforcement officer and the defense attorney agreed with about why criminals get caught is that they talk too much!

The one overall comment on how to commit the perfect murder amounted to “don’t talk about it.” They both agreed that suspects often put the spotlight on themselves by saying too much.

Even if murderers left no trace DNA behind that linked back to them, made sure that the victim and the place of the crime or the murder weapon did not somehow connect them to the crime, they could still incriminate themselves by simply opening their mouths and speaking.

These two professionals told me that criminals usually either over explain or provide critical judicial information to friends, relatives, and acquaintances unknowingly and that information leads police to suspect them; or, they say something in an interrogation that only the guilty party would know.

Experts say that those who have committed a serious crime should walk away and never talk about it—to anyone! They should also avoid television news and newspapers. Police use these media tools to try to psych out suspects into celebrating their crime, thus putting a spotlight on their criminal activity. Criminals somehow eventually vary their daily routines or try to run and that creates interest in their changed lifestyle.

Also, if a suspect is actually arrested, the best way to give the authorities additional evidence is to open his or her mouth to talk about the crime in any way. Police need evidence to convict a suspect. If the criminal has committed the crime perfectly, there will not be enough evidence against the suspect and the police will be “fishing” for any tidbit of information that may not be consistent with the person’s innocence. There are very specific reasons why the first thing an attorney advises a client is this. “Don’t talk to anyone about the crime—the police, civilians, or anyone while in custody.”

The best legal advice, I’m told, is for an arrested person to not speak—AT ALL. Anytime a person speaks in an interrogation, on the witness stand, or to another inmate, that could help the police connect the dots to the crime by giving testimony to facts that only the criminal could know. Whenever a suspect is on the other side of an interrogation room table, anything coming out of the mouth of that suspect is fair game to link that person in some way to the crime.

Any criminal suspect that goes to trial must be found guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt.” The silent criminal has a much better chance of being found not guilty by not testifying in any way, and he or she may not even get to the point of a trial if that person remains silent during the interrogation and holding process; that is, as long as that suspect has done the proper job of not leaving ANY other evidence to link them to the crime.

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

Posted in A How To Blog on Murder Plot Ideas, A How To Blog on Murder Weapons, About James J. Murray, About Murder, All About Murder, Blog Writers, Blogging, Characteristics of Killing, Characteristics of Murder, Committing The Perfect Murder, Evidence Free Murder, James J. Murray Blog, Methods of Murder, Murder Mayhem and Medicine, New Blog, New Methods of Murder, Plotting The Perfect Murder, Prescription For Murder Blog, the perfect crime, the perfect murder, Unique Murder Plots | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

A THANKFUL WRITER!

Here in the United States, it is Thanksgiving time—Thursday, November 22nd to be exact.

It’s a day of fantastic food feasts, with the bonus of a long holiday weekend ahead. I hope the day is extra special for all of my US readers.

More importantly, it’s a time to all of us to reflect on what makes our lives so special and rewarding, and what makes us thankful when we think back on the current year and the events that have shaped our lives in the recent past.

This year I am especially thankful to all of my readers across the world for supporting and encouraging my work as an author.

You continue to inspire me!

 THANK YOU

I wish you much success at being thankful on a daily basis for all the good things that happen in your lives and I hope the not-so-good things are minimal.

HAPPY THANKSGIVING!

Posted in About James J. Murray, About Writing, Being Thankful, Being Thankful Every Day, Being Thankful For Your Life, Blog Writers, Blogging, James J. Murray Blog, New Blog | 2 Comments

Strychnine – A Dramatic Poison!

Historically, strychnine is one of the more popular methods that writers have used to kill off characters in literature and film. Even the queen of murder mystery writing, Agatha Christi, used this method in her works.

The primary source of this poisonous alkaloid is from the seeds of the nux vomica tree (S. nux-vomica) found in southern Asia, especially in India, and in some parts of Australia. The chemical is still used today in some rat poisons, and as a stimulant administered by veterinarians in small doses.

In the past, strychnine was available in tablet form to treat a variety of human ailments. Although that is no longer the case, strychnine is sometimes found mixed with street drugs (such as LSD, heroin and cocaine) and smoked or snorted. The results are often fatal.

This lethal substance was discovered in the early 1800s by two French chemists. The primary action of strychnine is to increase the flex of the spinal cord, thereby causing severe contractions of the back muscles. Unnatural arching of the back is a common symptom of strychnine poisoning. The backward arching can be so severe that the spinal cord will often break due to the extreme posturing that results from larger doses.

Strychnine is a white, odorless but somewhat bitter crystalline powder that can be ingested by mouth, inhaled, or mixed into a solution and injected directly into a vein. If given by mouth or injected into muscle tissue, strychnine rapidly enters the blood stream and severe symptoms of poisoning appear within about 20 minutes. If injected directly into a vein, symptoms begin almost immediately. This follows the general rule of intravenous injections: “One mg of dose equals an almost immediate one mg of therapeutic or detrimental effect.”

The chemical is not very soluble in water and only a little more soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents. Therefore, when mixed in a solution for injecting, the crystalline powder will not dissolve completely.

If the poison is added to food, the food choice would have to have a very strong taste to overcome the exceptional bitterness of strychnine. A better method of poisoning your villain in your writing is by inhalation of the powder released into the air. Rapid absorption through the nose, eyes and mouth mucous membranes usually results in a lethal outcome.

The symptoms of strychnine poisoning begin with abdominal cramps that progress to general muscle cramping. These culminate in powerful and very painful convulsions resulting from severe muscle contractions. These convulsions (or what has been referred to as “strychnine fits”) may stop after about a minute. However, at the slightest touch, a noise, or some other minor stimulus, the convulsions reoccur. The arms and legs stretch out and become rigid, uncontrollable arching of the neck and back occur, the jaw tightens, breathing becomes difficult, and painful muscle spasms leading to dangerous spikes in body temperature occur. These are all dramatic symptoms of strychnine poisoning, and this makes for writing powerful, theatrical murder scenes.

Even though the person remains conscious and is aware of what’s happening, the victim cannot control the extreme muscle spasms and becomes very excitable and experiences extreme pain. Eventually, the victim’s muscles tire and the cause of death is usually from asphyxiation resulting from the continuous spasms of the respiratory muscles. The person simply cannot move the diaphragm muscles to breathe.

If medical help is available and aid is given quickly, a person may survive a strychnine poisoning event. Treatment consists primarily of respiratory supportive care and intravenous fluids, medications to suppress the convulsions and spasms, and cooling measures for the usual rapid increase in body temperature.

It is most important to remove any clothing contaminated with strychnine by cutting it away from the body rather than pulling it over the head and risking inhalation of the lethal chemical. It is also important to flush the skin, eyes, nose and mouth of the victim, while at the same time making sure that those aiding the victim do not touch any contaminated clothing or affected areas of the victim’s body. If proper precautionary measures are not taken, those offering supportive help might inadvertently contaminate themselves in the process.

Strychnine is truly a dramatic way to kill off a villain in your novel. However, since it has been a favorite method to kill off characters in the past, make sure your murder scene is set uniquely and administer the poison in an unusual way to impress your readers.

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

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Why Do People Kill?

It’s a simple question, but people have been struggling to find the answer for centuries. In a previous blog I discussed the core legal definition of murder, but I asked this very question as I researched the subject.

Law enforcement officials are burdened with this same question as they search for the core reason why a person commits murder. It’s an important legal step in determining how the accused will be charged with, and eventually convicted of, the crime.

In this enlightened age of science and technology, there are numerous methods to identify a murderer and to determine how the murderous deed was accomplished, but the “Why” of killing still baffles many Profiling a murderer has gained much ground as a science, but it falls short of definitively answering the question, “Why do some kill to accomplish a specific goal and others choose less lethal methods?”

It’s been documented that the central reasons people kill are for POWER and CONTROL. Yet, we have many influential, successful professionals who don’t murder and never say, “The devil made me do it.”

Of the numerous personality disorders, statistics show that almost 50% of Americans fit into one or more of the anti-social personality disorder classifications at one time in their lives. So, is it a coincidence that the US has the highest rate of serial killers than any other country in the world? But what makes specific people turn to murder?

People decide to kill because of a psychological build-up of physical or emotional trauma over time. The initial triggers are numerous but the major ones are fear, anger, desperation, greed and religious fanaticism.

These initial triggers can be exacerbated when ones natural inhibitions are removed (as with alcohol or mind-altering drugs). For instance, an otherwise rational person could act out inappropriate anger in the form of road rage while under the influence of a psychotropic drug.

Dr. Paul Mattiuzzi has lectured that individual personality traits play a key role in how certain triggers can evolve into acts of violence and murder. Chronically aggressive individuals as well as those with opposite traits, such as overly suppressed hostility, can react similarly in threatening situations. And those who suggested are emotionally resentful from a past severe hurt or trauma can become similarly and inappropriately aggressive in specific situations.

So we have to dig deeper to find the emotional triggers that motivate people to murder. A person may not like his or her significant other, but why does one seek a separation or divorce while another plans a murder? Why does one person work harder to outperform a competitive coworker while another plans an intricate murder? Does it all come down to an evolution of a personality disorder? That certainly makes for interesting murder mystery writing, but is there more involved?

My previous blog suggested that three factors influence a person to kill: genetics, brain malfunctions and various forms of abuse. Experts in criminology usually agree that a specific event in a killer’s life triggers the psychology that eventually preoccupies the mind to act out criminally; and, without proper psychological and pharmaceutical intervention, the need for a specific inappropriate act eventually can become an obsession. This is what leads to the development of major criminals, and certainly serial killers.

The mind and its manipulation, either intentionally or accidentally, is interesting subject matter and allows for unique character development. It’s those unusual characters that make a story interesting and give value to you as their creator. Happy Writing!

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

Posted in a killer gene, About James J. Murray, About Murder, About Writing, All About Murder, All About Writing, Better Fiction Writing, Blog Writers, Blogging, Character Development Techniques, Characteristics of a Fictional Character, Characteristics of Killing, Characteristics of Murder, Creating Emotional Drama in a Murder Scene, Creating Interesting Fiction Characters, Creating Unique and Interesting Character Flaws, Deciding How to Kill Off a Character in a Novel, Deciding What Types of Fictional Characters Fit Into Your Plot, Defining Murder, Designing Murder Plots, Developing Story Arcs, Developing Story Plots, Developing Storyline Ideas, Fiction Based on Facts, Fiction Based on Real Life, Fiction Writing - A Believable Lie, Fictional Character Development, Ideas for Murder Scenes, James J. Murray Blog, Killing Off Characters in Writing, Killing Off Characters in Your Novel, Methods of Murder, Murder - The True Definition, Murder is Defined, Murder Mayhem and Medicine, New Blog, Plot Development, Plot Ideas and Where They Come From, Plotting Interesting Murder Scenes, Plotting Murder Scenes, Prescription For Murder Blog, Reasons Why People Kill, Reasons Why People Murder, Story Development, The Art of Storytelling, The Art of Writing, The Psychology of Murder, The Science of Murder, The Warrior Gene, Types of Fictional Characters, Unique Murder Plots, Why People Kill | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

MURDER – The True Definition!

The criminal act known as MURDER is defined in a number of ways, but in most references the definition is distilled to the following words: an unlawful killing with malice. The words unlawful and malice give the term its defining structure and distinguishes the act from acceptable killings, such as in times of war or other justifiable homicides

In researching the law related to killings, a murder can be defined by three basic characteristics and those must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt: 1) the act of causing a death must be deliberate, meaning it must be premeditated and calculated; 2) the act must be intentional to either kill, cause grievous bodily harm or be one of reckless indifference to human life; and 3) the act must not have been carried out in self-defense.

But beyond those specific legal references, I’ve been thinking about what really defines a murder. So I asked myself the same questions I suspect that writers of murder mystery TV shows must determine before writing an episode: “Why do people kill?” and “Why choose to kill rather than seek other, less consequential ways to solve a problem?”

Well, it turns out that science has the answers. It seems that the rationalizations for murder are much more complex than simply motive, method and opportunity.

Current science tells us there are three main reasons why people choose to kill over other, less violent methods of resolving a major issue in their lives.

One is genetics. People who turn to killing are thought to be naturally more aggressive and it’s often because they inherit one or more specific genes for violence. These so-called warrior genes are specifically tied to a predisposition to violence and aggression.

Another involves a brain malfunction. For instance, a loss of brain function in, or a failure to properly develop, the frontal lobe can lead to violence and murder.

The frontal lobe (that part of the brain under our foreheads and behind our eyes) contains the coding for ethics and morality. It’s also the center for impulse control. So any frontal lobe damage or misdirected development can lead to miscues of ethics and moral decision-making, causing improper responses to life’s everyday challenges.

The third reason people turn to lethal violence is abuse. This can be sexual, psychological or physical in nature. Abuse during the childhood years are the most damaging and can lead to psychopathologies later in life. The specific type of abuse, along with the intensity and duration of the abuse, often determines the specific psychopathology that may result.

As one can expect, specific tendencies to MURDER may develop as a result of a combination of these factors. A violent genetic predisposition may play a greater role when a child is abused and yet be inconsequential if the child is the product of a stable, caring family environment. A child with frontal lobe abnormalities may be channeled into a productive life if taught to control improper impulses, but spin out of control in an abusive environment. 

The combinations are endless, and so are the resulting pathologies and potential murders that can result.

There is no “one size fits all” when it comes to the urge to kill. The motivations and underlying pathologies are as numerous as its methods, but there is one common factor in almost every murder—the killer feels strongly justified, no matter how malicious the act.

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

Posted in A How To Blog on Murder Plot Ideas, A How To Blog on Murder Weapons, About James J. Murray, About Murder, About Writing, Blog Writers, Blogging, Characteristics of Killing, Characteristics of Murder, Deciding How to Kill Off a Character in a Novel, Defining Murder, Designing Murder Plots, Developing Story Plots, Developing Storyline Ideas, Ideas for Murder Scenes, Instruments of Death, James J. Murray Blog, Killing a Villain in a Novel, Killing Off Characters in Writing, Killing Off Characters in Your Novel, Murder - The True Definition, Murder is Defined, Murder Mayhem and Medicine, Neuroscience and Murder, New Blog, Plotting Murder Scenes, Prescription For Murder Blog, Reasons Why People Kill, The Killer Gene, The Psychology of Murder, The Science of Murder, Tools for Murder, Tools of Murder, Ways To Kill, Ways to Murder, Writing Death Scenes | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 2 Comments

Transdermal Patches Gone Wild

The first transdermal drug patch was marketed in 1979 and the most notable include the narcotic pain reliever fentanyl and the drug scopolamine for motion sickness. Since then, a wide variety of drugs have been developed to deliver medication effectively via transfer through the skin.

I’ve posted two blogs over the last couple of years here and here explaining the good and bad aspects of such therapy methods. In the first of those blogs, I imagined how a delicious murder plot could be developed by substituting poisons for the prescription drugs within the transdermal patch material.

I sort of forgot about those blogs until a couple of days ago when my wife forwarded an article to me regarding the use of vitamin cocktail supplements via transdermal technology. You can read the full article here; but it stated that in recent years the boom of the wellness industry for better fitness, beauty and increased mental and physical energy have included vitamin patches. I had no idea such things were available!

I was skeptical of the effectiveness of such “supplement therapy” since vitamin supplements are not regulated by the FDA and are considered drugs when medicinal and curative claims are made. It seems that the FDA has similar skepticisms since many of the companies marketing such products are claiming specific therapeutic effects that would tip these products into the drug category.

The article also indicates that the FDA considers vitamins as “dietary supplements” and that such supplements are intended for oral ingestion. Therefore, the FDA appears to be taking the stance that transdermal patch products cannot be labeled as supplements and, therefore, the FDA considers the marketing of such supplements to be health fraud.

“Health fraud” is the FDA’s way of stating that a product is actually an unapproved new drug and cannot continue to be marketed until the manufacturer completes the new drug approval process—a long and expensive series of procedures and testing to protect the public from fraudulent drug distribution.

The article does state that there are some clinical studies that indicate certain vitamin therapies, such as a vitamin D transdermal delivery system, may well be effective. The clinical evidence for other vitamin supplements, however, seems to be minimal and as yet unproven.

What this article made me realize once again was that transdermal patches can be the focus of a splendid idea for a murder mystery plot by injecting poisons into these prescription drug patches—and now made easier by these more readily-available vitamin patches.

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

Posted in A How To Blog on Murder Plot Ideas, A How To Blog on Murder Weapons, A Murder Mystery Novel, About Medications/Pharmacy, About Murder, All About Murder, Blog Writers, Blogging, Bloodless Death Scene Writing, Chemical Poisons, Chemical Weapons Discussions, Chemicals Used For Murder, Choosing How a Character Should Die in a Story, Contact Poisons, Creating Emotional Drama in a Murder Scene, Deadly Poisons Discussed, Designer Drug Deaths, Designer Poisons Used For Murder, Designing Murder Plots, Developing Story Plots, Developing Storyline Ideas, Dramatic Murder Weapons, Drug Poisoning, Drugs For Murder Plots, Drugs Used For Murder, Drugs Used to Murder, How to Choose a Murder Weapon for a Plot Idea, How To Write A BloodLess Murder Scene, Ideas for Murder Scenes, Instruments of Death, Interesting Murder Weapons, James J. Murray Blog, Killing Off Characters in Writing, Killing Off Characters in Your Novel, Lethal Agents and Murder, Lethal Chemical Poisons, Lethal Chemicals in Murder Mysteries, Lethal Poisons, Methods of Murder, Murder Mayhem and Medicine, Murder Weapons Discussed, New Blog, New Methods of Murder, New Methods To Kill Characters in Your Novel, Plotting Murder Scenes, Plotting The Perfect Murder, Poisons and Murder, Poisons in Transdermal Patch Therapy, Poisons Used For Murder, Prescription For Murder Blog, The Art of Storytelling, The Science of Murder, Tools for Murder, Transdermal Patch Therapy, Unique Lethal Compounds, Unique Murder Plots, Unique Murder Weapons, Ways to Murder, Writing Death Scenes, Writing Dramatic Murder Scenes | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

A New Twist in Micro-Robot Technology

Question? What’s about half the size of a paper clip, weighs less than a tenth of a gram, totally mechanical and not organic in nature, but could save the world from hunger?

If you were aware of the news reports of the last few years reporting honeybee colony collapse disorder (CCD) and the reported reduction in not only honey production but also the eventual reduction in crop pollination, then you were on the right track.

Bees are an important component in the pollination process of many fruits and vegetables, coffee and a multitude of other foods. Without them, estimates are that a third of the world’s crops we eat would no longer exist.

The good news more recently is that the mysterious condition of bee colony collapse seems to be easing and that only specific kinds of bees were seriously affected. Even so, the more than $15 billion agricultural industry represents a significant impact on the world’s economy, particularly if the bee colony collapse phenomenon should continue or exacerbate.

So, back to my opening question? What would replace pollinating bees if they ceased to exist? Scientists have worried about that possibility for years, and the solution seems to be on the immediate horizon—artificial bees, or more specifically, RoboBees!

A robobee is an autonomous flying micro-robot with the potential to perform the same job in pollinating crops as the honeybee. Researchers at the Wyss Institute at Harvard University have developed a mechanical bee capable of performing the important agricultural role of bees.

These micro-robots are micro-aerial vehicles that are self-contained and capable of self-directed flight. They are even capable of the similar bee-swarming effect to achieve coordinated behavior in large groups that represent the patterns of honeybees. They can also stick to walls and other surfaces like live bees.

These micro-machines contain smart sensors and other electronics that mimic the eyes and antennae of bees, can sense and respond to their surrounding environment, and have a compact and integrated battery power source—a true mechanical bee insect!

This research technology has evolved and progressed to the point of receiving the attention of marketing giants such as Walmart. The mega-box conglomerate recently patented unmanned micro-vehicles as pollination drones for a more efficient method of pollination and fertilization of crops for its vendors.

A future without insect pollination would jeopardize one third of the world’s crops, producing significantly less food and eventually increasing food prices dramatically.

Just when we thought that first-world countries had automated farming figured out, we now realize that automation in crop production is on the verge of a whole new leap in technology.

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

By The Way!

I used similar micro-robot technology in my 2nd Jon Masters thriller which I published last year. The novel is called IMPERFECT MURDER and I used this technology in a special way to disable a bad guy.

Available at Amazon For Only 99¢

Read a Sample Here

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Using DNA To An Author’s Advantage

It’s been some time since I’ve posted a new blog. What can I say—life gets in the way! It’s amazing how getting into and out of the habit of writing can happen so easily. I’ve decided to get back into the habit of writing and that begins with this blog.

I’ve written before here and here about the pluses and minuses of using DNA evidence as the life-blood of securing convictions in today’s criminal justice system. However, I had a real eye-opener the other day while talking to a lawyer friend about the plot for a book I was contemplating.

The plot will make use of unidentifiable DNA (that is, DNA not yet entered into any database system for a match), and the lawyer told me about a couple of cases where the DNA evidence actually pointed to the wrong perpetrator and would have convicted the wrong person of the crimes if further evidence were not available.

The Academy of Forensic Sciences in 2009 admitted that the use of forensics is as much an art as a science and that the science may not always be definitive.

For decades, the criminal justice system relied on DNA evidence as rock solid and foolproof to achieve convictions. DNA was considered the gold standard for identifying criminals.However, the couple of cases my lawyer friend told me about convinced me that there is more to criminal detection than simply matching DNA evidence.

Take the example of a homeless man’s DNA being found on a wealthy murder victim who was killed in his mansion. The homeless man was documented to have been hospitalized at the time of the murder and could not possibly have committed the crime, nor was there any evidence that the homeless man had ever been to that victim’s home.

Extensive and clever investigation (the art part of forensics) finally found the link.The homeless man had been treated by a paramedic earlier in the day and the paramedic had transported the homeless man to the hospital. That same paramedic was called to the scene of the wealthy man’s attack and, upon examination, declared the person dead. It was later determined that the paramedic had not changed his gloves after the callout for the homeless man and contaminated the wealthy victim’s body with the homeless man’s DNA—as transfer from the unchanged glove of the paramedic.

This friend told me of another case in which a plumber was arrested on a rape charge when his DNA was found on the underwear of the victim. It was later determined that the plumber had worked on plumbing in that same closet the week before the rape occurred in that same enclosed area. The plumber’s DNA had transferred to the surfaces of the closet and also to the rape victim’s underwear.

My imagination can come up with other instances where DNA could innocently transfer from one person to another, either directly or on a surface for later transfer; and this is how innocent people can be wrongly convicted of a crime with supposedly irrefutable DNA evidence.

Something as innocent as brushing up against a potential criminal and having your sweat transfer onto the person before he or she commits a sinister deed could be enough to link you to a crime you did not commit by transferred DNA.

As a writer, this puts my imagination on overload and gives me several ideas for use of such innocent DNA transfer in my next murder mystery.

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

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Espionage at the Molecular Level

In the world of espionage, privacy and security are top priorities to the success and safety of secret agents. Over the centuries, spies have utilized an evolving series of techniques to maintain the privacy of their confidential information.

In Roman times, authors of secret information tinkered with plant extracts to make invisible ink, and that clandestine art was used well into modern times. However, such inks remained invisible only until heat, special lights or chemical solutions were used, and that fact also made the information available to clever enemies.

Although cryptography and encryption furnished modern society with new ways to make information private, these security methods also became vulnerable to the clever adversary in this age of advanced computer technology.

Scientists now have found a new method to encrypt information in much the same way as the Enigma machine allowed the German army in World War II to encrypt and decrypt messages without fear of interception. Comprised of a series of rotors that produced a code, the sender could use the Enigma to encrypt a message and send it by radio. Only a recipient who knew the initial rotor settings could decrypt the message using their own Enigma machine. The discovery and eventual decoding of the German Enigma machine by Allied powers became a major factor in defeating the German Empire.

Presently, researchers are working with cryptography to synthesize specific chemicals that serve as highly secure passwords based on their atomic composition to produce a sort of chemical Enigma system.

In this case, the chemical Enigma system consists of a fluorescent amino acid structure (elemental components of various proteins) that can bind to various other compounds. With this “chemical device system,” the sender converts a message into a code, such as each letter representing a number, and dissolves that message into a specific chemical solution.

All the recipient of that message needs to do is add the same chemical and solvent as the sending device to produce the conditions which decrypt the message—much like a recipient in the past used the same rotor settings on the Enigma machine to reproduce readable text.

To be able to read this special chemically dissolved message with this molecular technique, a spy only needs to add the same chemical and solvent to produce a fluorescence emission to decipher the code and receive the message.

What all this technical jargon boils down to is that someone can hide a message within the molecular chemical sensor in a solution and allow that liquid to absorb into something like paper or cloth, and another person (another spy) could soak the paper or cloth in a liquid with the same chemical configuration to unlock the ciphered text, which is then read with special cryptography.

I can envision a spy using a very simple eyedrop solution to drip a message onto a napkin and that would allow another spy to easily retrieve that napkin, dissolve it in a solution and then decode the message. 

What makes this spy tool so advantageous is that there are so many chemical compounds available that can be fluoresced to hide a message within a chemical compound. The important key is that both the encryptor and the decryptor must know the secret chemical reaction required to allow the message to be retrieved.

Scientists believe there are large numbers of compounds available that could be chosen for the reaction sequence. The important key is that the chemical methodology to encrypt and decrypt should be applied with molecules that have a high level of structural complexity, and the chemical process should be simple, robust and predictably reproducible.

As a final layer of security, the chemicals used should be as thermally and chemically inert as possible—what scientists call “a one-pot reaction” to unlock the chemically-imbedded message.

I think I have the beginnings of a plot for a new short story here!

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

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The Legality of Familial DNA Searches

As a runner, I’ve often told my female runner friends, “Don’t run alone!” There have been cases of solo female runners being attacked on the lovely running trails we have in and around the city I live in. That advice was exactly what the father of Karina Vetrano gave to his daughter when she went out for a run along the wetlands near Howard Beach, Queens, New York. She was strangled to death and sexually assaulted that day during her run.

The case became an investigator’s nightmare with little evidence except for a stranger’s DNA on the victim’s hands, throat and cellphone. The DNA did not produce a match in any national database and the crime remained unsolved.

Frustration from the local investigative authorities caused them to seek approval to use an unusual search method called “familial DNA searches” to scour the criminal databases to identify likely close relatives of the offender to generate an evidence trail. The New York State Commission on Forensic Evidence, a member panel appointed by the governor, even developed a seven-member subcommittee to develop standards for using such familial DNA searches.

Although the perpetrator was identified eventually through other circumstantial evidence and later by an actual DNA match, the high-profile case spotlighted the potential use of familial DNA searches when DNA could not be linked directly to a suspect.

Such familial DNA searches were first introduced in Britain in 2002 and used for the first time in the United States in a California murder case in 2008, followed one year later as an evidence tool in a Colorado case. Such searches have now become a forensic application in eight states, and it has produced a helpful crime-solving trail in at least a dozen cases in the States over the last ten years. Familial DNA searches now represent a new avenue of evidence gathering in the world of forensic science.

This evidence technique uses a database “hit” of a close relative for unidentified DNA to lead authorities to a possible suspect. The close familial match to a perpetrator’s relative is less of a solid piece of evidence, and rather it represents another lead in cases to a likely suspect.

DNA testing remains the most reliable tool in forensic investigations and has been used not only to identify suspects in criminal cases but also to exonerate the wrongfully accused and convicted. As DNA technology expands from the collection and matching of samples through law enforcement agencies and evolves into DNA collections in the private sector, major concerns have been voiced regarding privacy issues and the potential for misuse.

A recent high profile cold case, labeled as the Golden State Killer, perplexed authorities in California for over four decades. Unidentified DNA that had been linked to at least a dozen murders remained unmatched to DNA in any national database. Authorities finally were permitted to search online genealogy services to match the DNA of distant relatives to narrow down the search for the perpetrator and to eventually link other evidence to identify the killer.

Such online searches are controversial to say the least, and opponents of the techniques site the Fourth Amendment for prohibition of unreasonable search and the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause as reason to prevent use of familial DNA searches.

This crime-solving technique, although used in some particularly vexing cases, has not been thoroughly tested in the courts as yet, and it will be interesting to see how the legal issues surrounding this relatively new forensic tool evolve.

Thoughts? Comments? I’d love to hear them!

Posted in A How To Blog on Murder Plot Ideas, About James J. Murray, About Murder, All About Murder, Blog Writers, Blogging, Characteristics of Murder, Committing The Perfect Murder, Creating Emotional Drama in a Murder Scene, Cyber Security Issues, Deciding What Types of Fictional Characters Fit Into Your Plot, Designing Murder Plots, DNA Forensic Science, DNA Testing Flaws, DNA Testing Techniques Called Into Question, Familial DNA Searches, How to Choose a Murder Weapon for a Plot Idea, Ideas for Murder Scenes, James J. Murray Blog, Killing Off Characters in Your Novel, Methods of Murder, Murder Mayhem and Medicine, My Will Be Done - A Short Story, New Blog, New Forensic Tools, Plot Development, Plot Ideas and Where They Come From, Plotting Murder Scenes, Plotting The Perfect Murder, Privacy Issues and Online Genealogy Services, Standards for Familial DNA in Criminal Cases, The Science of Murder, Tools of Murder, Unique Murder Plots, Writing Dramatic Murder Scenes | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | 2 Comments